FameLab is an international competition designed to engage and entertain by challenging young scientists to communicate their science to a public audience in under 3 minutes. Talks are fun and engaging, making science relevant to everyone, without using jargon or formal presentations. Talks are judged on content, clarity and charisma.
Mopani, in Limpopo, is a tropical region and the province’s agricultural hub. Because it is a tropical region, it has only two seasons – the dry and wet season – making it highly susceptible to climate change. Letago’s research look at the impact of climate change on small holder farmers and agriculture in this region. Climate change means long term variability in weather patterns and is often characterised by increased temperature and changes in precipitation. In the Mopani district, in the wet seasons there are more floods, thunderstorms and hailstorms, while in the dry seasons, there are more veld fires, droughts and dry spells. The impact of climate change can be seen in agriculture, through reduced crop production and general poor crop health, more animal disease and land degradation. How well farmers perceive and understand climate change determines how well they adapt to it. In the Mopani district, farmers use indigenous knowledge passed on from generation to generation to adapt to climate change more than the methods prescribed by the department of agriculture. Letago’s research advocates for the inclusion for the indigenous knowledge systems as viable sources of knowledge for disaster management strategy in climate change policies.
Hambileswi mati ya languteka ya basile ku tlula mati yo languteka ya thyakile ya muhlovo wa ribungwa, kambe a swi vuli leswaku ya nga nwiwa hikuva ya nga va ya ri na thyaka ro kari leri nga voniwiki hi matihlo. Swin’wana leswi thyakisaka mati I mirhi yo fana na Nevirapine ku nga murhi lowu tirhisiwaka ku tshungula xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV na AIDS. Murhi kumbe maphilisi yo fana na lawa ya fika na le tiphayiphini ta mati ku suka eka murhundzu, mahuma loko ku fulaxiwa exihambukelweni. Ku nwa mati yo ka ya nga tenganga swi vangelana kuvabyi. I swa konka ku va hi kota ku vona mirhi leyi endzeni ka mati. Sweswi ku tirhisiwa michini leyikulu yo durha naswona yi teka nkarhi wo leha. Kambe michini leyi tirhisaka ti ‘quantum dots’ ku nga michumu leyintsongo swinene leswi vulaka leswaku hambi hi matihlo a yi voniwi. Michumu leyi hi yona yi nga antswisaka xiyimo lexi hikuva yi nga kota ku vona mirhi leyi endzeni ka mati. Hi maendlelo lawa ha tshemba leswaku mati ya ta tengisiwa ku antswa leswaku vanhu va nwa mati yo tenga.
Mopani, eLimpopo I ndhawu ya xifundza xa tropika yi tlhela yiva xifunzdhankulu xa swa vurimi. Hikuva I xifundza xa tropika,xi na tinguva timbirhi nguva yo oma na nguva yo tsakama leswi nga tolovekiki. Nlavisiso wa Letago wu languta eka switandzhaku swa ku cinca ka tlayimeti eka varimi lava ntsongo na vurimi eka xifundzha lexi. Ku cinca ka tlayimeti swi nga endla leswaku ku tlakuka mahiselo na timpfula. eXifundzheni xa Mopani hi nguva yo tsakama kuna tindhambi to tala, mabubutsa na tilo, na mabubutsa ya xihangu, kasi hi nguva yo oma, kuna ku pya ka khwati, dyandza na ku oma ka misava. Switandzaku swa ku cinca ka tlayimeti swi nga voniwa eka vurimi, eka ku ehla ka ntshovelo, na kuva swimilana swi nga kuli hi mfanelo, ku tala ka vuvabyi bya swiharhi na ku cinca ka misava. Leswi varimi va swi vonisaka xiswona ni vutivi bya vona bya ku cinca ka tlayimeti swi kombisa leswaku va swi tolovele ku fika kwini. eXifundzheni xa Mopani, varimi va tirhisa vutivi bya vona bya khale lebyi va nga byi kuma eka rixaka ra vona ra khale ku tolovela ku cinca ka tlayimeti ku tlula maendlelo lawa ya nga hlawuriwa hi ndzawulo ya vurimi. Vulavisisi bya Letago byi seketela leswaku maendlelo lawa ya vutivi bya khale bya varimi I bya nkoka eka mfumo ku va wu nyika swilemukiso swa kahle.
Â
HIV positive people take medication called ARVs (antiretrovirals) to help them live longer and healthier lives. However, the ARVs also change how mitochondria in our cells of the body work. Mitochondria are found inside cells and they work like batteries. They give energy to cells but when they ‘run down’ they affect organs in the body, including the eyes. Eyes are important for our sight, but also, through them, we can get an overall view of someone’s health and lifestyle. This is because the blood vessels in the eyes are directly visible. You can tell if someone is taking their medication or not. Early diagnoses of different diseases can also be made through the eyes. Lungile’s research will track how ARVs and HIV affect the body by taking a picture of the retina, part of the eye that helps us to see, using optical coherence tomography or OCT for short. The OCT allows you to see the different layers in an eye. These layers in HIV positive people and non-infected people have been found to be different. Lungile’s research will study the differences in the pigment layer. It is a non-invasive method and will allow her to track how the disease is affecting the body.
Vanhu lava va nga na HIV va teka maphilisi lawa ya vitaniwaka ma ARVs (antiretrovirals) ku va pfuna leswaku va hanya nkarhi wo leha va tlhela va va na rihanyo ra kahle. Hambiswiritano ma ARVs ya cinca leswi mitochondria eka ti sele ta miri wa hina ti tirhisaka xiswona. Mitochondria yi kumeka endzeni ka ti sele naswona yi tirha tanihi mabetri. Ya nyika ti sele matimba kambe loko mahela swi onha swirho emirini, ku katsa na matihlo. Mithlo I ya nkoka hikuva ya hi pfuna ku vona, kambe eka wona hi nga tlhela hi kuma leswaku munhu rihanyo ra yena ri njani na mahanyelo ya yena. Hikuva misiha ya ngati ematihlweni ya vonaka. U nga swikota ku vona leswaku munhu wa nwa maphilisi kumbe e-e. vuvanyi byo hambana hambana byi nga kamberiwa hiku languta endzeni ka matihlo ntsena. Vulavisisi bya Lunghile byi ta landzelela leswaku ma ARVs na HIV swi tikisela miri njani hi ku teka xinepe xa retina lexi xi hi pfunanaka leswaku hi kota ku vona, ku tirhisiwa Optical Coherence Tomography kumbe OCT hi ku komisa. OCT yi ku pfumelela leswaku u vona tindhawu hinkwato endzeni ka tihlo. Ti ndhawu leti, eka vanhu lava va nga na HIV na vanhu lava va kalaka va nga ri ki na yona a ti fani. Vulavisis bya Lunghile byi ta lunguta ku hambana eka tinghawu leti. Maendlelo lawa a ya na sejari naswona swi ta n’wi pfumelela leswaku a kota ku landzelela vuvabyi lebyi onhaka miri.
Vhathu vhano lwala dzwadze tshifu ‘HIV’ vha dzhia philisi dza ARVs uri dzikone uvha thusa khau lalama nauvha na mutakalo. ARVs I shandukisa mitochondria kha kushumele kwa muvhilini. Mitochondria dzi wanala kha dzi sele dza muvhili dza shuma sa bitiri. Dzifha maanda kha dzi sele ngeno musi dzo fhela maanda dzi vhaisa nga ngomu muvhilini wa muthu na mato. Mato ndia vhuthugwa khau vhona. Nauri ngauto asedza ria kona uvhona mutakalo wa muthu na kutshilele kwawe. Hezwi ndi ngauri tsinga dza malofha auya kha mato dzia vhonala. Zwia sumbedza uri muthu ukho mila philisi dzawe na kana hakho dzhia. Tsedzuluso ngau tavhanya dza malwadze dzia kona uitwa ngakha mato a muthu. Tsedzuluso dza Lungile dzidodi sendekana kha ARVs and HIV uri dzi vhaisa hani muvhili ngauto dzhia tshinepe tsha retina, tshipida tsha lito tshinori thusa uvhona, ritshikho shumisa Optical Coherence Tomography kana OCT. Heyi OCT iri thusa khau vhona mbemba dzoyaho ngau fhambana kha mato. Hedzi mbemba kha vhathu vharena HIV na vhasongo kavhiwaho ddzivhonala dzo fhambana. Tsedzuluso dza Lungile dzido todolosa phambano vhukati ha mbemba idzo. Ndi mulayo wo tendelwaho une wado muthusa khau wanulusa uri malwadze aya akho vhaisa muvhili nga ndilade.
A healthy skin and pore has an outer most layer (or epidermis), the middle layer (or dermis), and hair follicles. Sebaceous glands produce the body’s natural oil called sebum to help moisturise and protect the skin, and only a small amount of sebum is necessary to maintain soft skin. But with acne, sebum is over produced. This causes the top layer of dead skin cells to become very sticky, which creates an environment for bacteria to overgrow, causing redness, swelling and pus. Squeezing a pimple causes the infection to spread to other arears of the skin where more acne can develop. Shivani’s research focuses on studying naturally-derived rosehip carrier oil in combination with essentials oils for the treatment of acne. The combination of the oils help to sooth the redness and swelling of the skin and also stops the growth of bacteria. The oils penetrate deep into the skin so the skin is not left greasy and they can restore balance to the skin.
Dzovo ra rihanyo ra kahle ri na randlalo ra le handle, randlalo ra le xikarhi, na laha ku nga na misisi. Nhlaribye ya mafurha yi humesa mafurha ya ntumbuluko lawa ya vitaniwaka sebum lawa ya pfunaka ku tsakamisa no hlayisa dzovo, naswona I sebum leyintsongo leyi lavekaka leswaku dzovo ro olova. Kambe loko swi ta ka swirhumbana (acne), mafurha ya huma ku tlula mpipo. Leswi swi endla leswaku dzovo leri nga le hendla ra ti sele leti nga fa ri khomana, leswi swi endlaka ndhawu ya xiborokisi ku yi andza, leswi swi nga ta endla ku tshwukuluka, ku pfimba na vuvopfu.  Ku boxa xirhumbana swi endla leswaku xi tlulela eka tin’wana tindhawu eka dzovo laha xin’wana xirhumbana xi nga kotaka ku huma kona. Nlavisiso wa Shivani wu langutela ku dyondza maendlelo ya mafurha ya rosehip na nkatsakanyo wa mafurha ya nkoka ku ta herisa swirhumbana. Nkatsakanyo wa mafurha lawa ya pfula eka ku herisa ku tshwukuluka na ku pfimba ka dzovo, nakambe na ku yimisa ku kula ka xiborokisi. Mafurha lawa ya nghena endzeni ka dzovo leswaku leswaku ri nga taleriwi hi mafurha naswona ya tlhela ya kota ku lulamisa dzovo no ri tlherisela ematshan’wini.
Lukanda lurena mutakalo na mabuli-buli luna mbemba nga nnda, mbemba ya vhukati na mahaha. Sebaceous gland ithusa muvhili uri u bveledze mapfura ane apfi sebum uthusa u penyelela nau tsireledza muvhili. Nauri rotha lituku la sebum li thusa u penyelelisa lukanda lusekene. Fhedzi huna acne heyi sebum ito nana ubveledzwa. Izwi zwiita uri lukanda lwa ntha lwa lukanda lwofaho lu onyane, zwinw zwaita uri zwitshili zwiwane fhethu hau aluwa hone., zwa tsuka, uzwimba nau kukumuwa. U kwatula tsipundu zwiita uri tsibve hune kha lunwe lurumbu lwa lukanda hune acne yado hula hone. Tsedzuluso dza Shivani dzo sedzana na Naturally-Deliver Rosehip carrier oil nau tangana ha manwe mapfura au alafha acne. U tanagana ha mapfura aya zwiita thusa khau tsukuluwa nau kukumuwa ha lukanda nau hivhela ualuwa ha zwitshili. Mapfura ato dzhenelela nga maada kha lukanda uitela uri lukanda lwasa sale lawo bauluwa uri hukoniwe uvhuisiwa lukanda lwavhudi.
Even though water may look crystal clear and different to murky, brown water, it may not be safe to drink and may contain pollutants that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Example of pollutants that can contaminate water are antiviral medicines, such as Nevirapine, which is used in the treatment of HIV and Aids. Drugs like this find their way into our water systems through urine, faecal waste and simply by flushing them down the toilet. Drinking contaminated water may lead to drug resistance in the near future, or cause other health problems. Therefore, it is important for us to be able to detect these drugs in the water. The current techniques use big machines, are expensive and time consuming. However, sensors that use ‘quantum dots’, which are tiny nanomaterials smaller than the eye can see, can improve the sensitivity and detection limit of drugs found in low concentrations. With these sensors to help detect pollutants, we hope water can be purified better, so people have cleaner and safer water to consume.
Hambileswi mati ya languteka ya basile ku tlula mati yo languteka ya thyakile ya muhlovo wa ribungwa, kambe a swi vuli leswaku ya nga nwiwa hikuva ya nga va ya ri na thyaka ro kari leri nga voniwiki hi matihlo. Swin’wana leswi thyakisaka mati I mirhi yo fana na Nevirapine ku nga murhi lowu tirhisiwaka ku tshungula xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV na AIDS. Murhi kumbe maphilisi yo fana na lawa ya fika na le tiphayiphini ta mati ku suka eka murhundzu, mahuma loko ku fulaxiwa exihambukelweni. Ku nwa mati yo ka ya nga tenganga swi vangelana kuvabyi. I swa konka ku va hi kota ku vona mirhi leyi endzeni ka mati. Sweswi ku tirhisiwa michini leyikulu yo durha naswona yi teka nkarhi wo leha. Kambe michini leyi tirhisaka ti ‘quantum dots’ ku nga michumu leyintsongo swinene leswi vulaka leswaku hambi hi matihlo a yi voniwi. Michumu leyi hi yona yi nga antswisaka xiyimo lexi hikuva yi nga kota ku vona mirhi leyi endzeni ka mati. Hi maendlelo lawa ha tshemba leswaku mati ya ta tengisiwa ku antswa leswaku vanhu va nwa mati yo tenga.
Naho madi atshi vhonala o tshenuluwa nau tshikafhala, madi otshikafhalaho, azwingavhi zwavhudi uri rianwe ngauri adovha o dalelwa tshika dzine dzingasi vhonwe nga mato a muthu. Tsumbo ya tshika ine ya tshikafhadza madi ndi mishonga yo vhaisalaho kana isongo kunaho, sa Nevirapine, ine ya shumiswa khau alafha HIV and AIDS, philisi idzo dzi wana ndila kha madi ashu ngakha murundo, makaka nangau gwedzhela bunga. Unwa madi o tshikafhalaho zwiita uri philisi musi itshi dzhena muvhili yasa tshavha na maanda, kana yadisa manwe malwadze a mutakalo. Fhedzi, ndi zwavhuthogwa uri rine rikone uvhona philisi iyo madini. Thekhiniki ya musalauno ishumisa mitshini mihulusa, ino dura ya dovha ya fhedza na tshifhinga. Naho sentsara ine ya shumisa ‘quantum dots’, ine yo tukufhala lune mato angasi kone ui vhona, inga khwinifhadza kuvhonele nau fhungudza diraga yo waniwaho kha kusedzele kutuku.nga hedzi sentsara dzauri thusa khau wana tshika, ri fulufhela uri madi ado kona ukunakiswa zwavhudi, uitela uri vhathu vha kone uwana madi avhudi ano nwea.
Our body has an army to fight against diseases in our body. Vaccines prepare our armies, in the form of ‘antibodies’, to fight against agents that cause disease, such as pertussis, hepatitis B, measles, tetanus and other diseases. But how long do the antibodies keep gathering, fighting and winning against diseases? How long is the body protected by the vaccines that we receive? In people who have been exposed to HIV, how long are they protected through the vaccines that we receive against other diseases? Research shows that people exposed to HIV have immune systems that function differently from those of healthy individuals, acting like an army that is late to war, or outnumbered, or even having ‘blind’ soldiers. The answers to these questions are very important; as these answers inform our national vaccination guidelines. We need to ensure that every individual that is vaccinated is protected and that the protection is long-lasting.
Miri wa hina wu na masocha lawa ya lwaka na vuvabyi. Swisawutisi swi pfuna masocha ya miri ku lwa na swilo leswi vangaka vuvabyi emirini ku nga, ximbyembye, vuvabyi bya xivindzi, swimunga-mungwana, thethenasi na vuvabyi byi n’wana. Kambe masocha ya miri ya ta lwa nyimpi ya vuvabyi emirini ku fikela rini? Swisawutisi leswi va hi nyikaka swona swi ta hi sirhelela ku fikela rini? Lava va nga na xitsongatsongwana xa HIV, va ta sirheleleka ku fika kwini eka vuvabyi byi n’wana? Vulavusisi le byi nga endliwa byi komba leswaku vanhu lava nga na xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV miri wa vona a wu tirhi ku fana na vanhu la va ngariki na HIV, miri wa vona wu tirha ku fana na masocha lawa ya nga leta nyimpini, vatlhela vava na nhlayo leyi tsongo ya masocha ku tlula masocha la wa va lwaka na wona, nakambe onge I masocha ya bofu. Tinhlamulo eka swivutiso leswi nga laha henhla I ta nkoka swinene, hikuva ti kota ku tivisa eka swiletelo swa swisawutisi swa tiko hinkwaro. Hi fanele ku tiyisisa leswaku munhu un’wana na un’wana lweyi a nga tlhaviwa xisawutisi I sirhelekile naswona nsirhelelo lowu wu fanele wu va wa nkarhi wo leha.
Mivhili yashu ina maswole aulwa na malwadze kha mivhilini yashu, muhayelo u lugisa maswole ngakha tshivhumbeo tsha antibodi, uri ikone ulwa na dzitshika dzothe dzino disa malwadze kha muthu, sa pertussis, hepatitis B, measles, tetanus na manwe malwadze vho. Fhedzi zwidzhia tshifhinga tshingafhani uri dzi antibodi dzi kuvhangane, ulwa nau wina ngakha malwadze? Zwidzhia tshifhinga tshingafhani uri muvhili uvhe wo tsireledzwa khau hayeliwa? Kha vhathu vhathe vhavha na dwadze la HIV, zwidzhia tshifhinga tshingafhan uri vhavhe vho tsireledzwa nga vaccine year dzhia uri ilwe na manwe malwadze? Tsedzuluso dzori sumbedza uri vhathu vhane vhalwala vhulwadze ha HIV vhana tsukanyo ine ya shuma u fhambana na havho vhanwe vhathu vhare na mitakalo yavhudi, unga maswole olengaho uya nndwani, kana asimazhi, kana utovha na maswole a mabofu. Phindulo ya mbudziso idzo ndiya vhuthogwa. Sa izwi idzi phindulo dzitshi divhadza thanganela shango ya tsumba mushumo yau hayeliwa. Rikho tea udziela zhele uri muthu munwe na munwe o hayeliwaho avhe o tsireledzwa nauri tsireledzo iyo ivhe ya tshifhinga tshilapfu
Imagine having to wait for a taxi not knowing what time it will arrive. Imagine having to wait in taxi for it to fill up before it will leave. Imagine having to get up 2 hours earlier than the average car driver to get to work on time. This is the reality for minibus tax commuters in South Africa. There is a solution to these challenges, through an app. The app gives information about where the closest taxi is, where the taxi ranks are and how many people are in the taxi. It gives information to commuters on the best way get from point A to point B using taxis. It allows commuters to rate the drivers and hold them accountable, encouraging them to be reliable, accessible and safe. The app has been co-created with many mini-bus taxi industry drivers, owners and mini-bus industry users. This is science for social impact.
Hleketa ku va u rindza tekisi unga swi tivi leswaku yi ta fika hi nkharhi muni. Hleketa ku va u rindza tekisi leswaku yi tala ku kondza yi suka. Hleketa ku va upfuka ti awara timbirhi ku nga siba, lowu tlulaka nkarhi lowu muchayeri a wu tekaka ku va u fika entirhweni hinkarhi. Leswi I swilo leswi endlekaka eka vanhu va matekisi eAfrika-Dzonga. App yi tava xintshuxo eka ntlhontlho lowu. App leyi yi nyika mahungu mayelana na laha ti texisi ti nga kona endhawini ya le kusuhi na laha u nga kona. Yi tlhela yi komba leswaku xitichi xa matekisi xi kwini naswona kuna vanhu va ngaki endzeni ka tekisiNakambe yi nyika mahungu eka vakhandziyi leswaku va nga famba njan ku suka eka ndhawu yo karhi ku ya eka yo karhi va thirhisa tekisiYi va pfumelela leswaku va pima va chayeri va movha no va rhwexa nandzu loko swi fanerile. Leswi I swo va hlohlotela leswaku va tshembeka, va kumeka hi xihatla na ku hlayiseka. App leyi yi vumbiwile na vanhu va matekesi. Leswi I switandzhaku swa sayense eka vaakatiko.
Khavhado humbula uto lindela thekhisi ine au divhi uri ido swika nga tshifhingade. Utshito humbula uri utea ulindela thekhisi iyo uri idale musi isathu takuwa. Utshi humbula uri u tea uvuwa awara mbili musi goloi isathu takuwa uya mushumoni. Uku ndi kone kutshilele kwazwi bisana zwau hwala vhathu afha Afrika tahipembe. Fhedzi huna thandululo kha heyi nyimele, ngakha App. Iyo App ikona usumbedza uri thekhisi kana goloi itsini uswika gai na hune wavha hone. Ifha ndila yavhudi khauri vhanameli vhakone uvhona hune vha khoubva hone na hune vha khouya hone nga iyi thekhisi kana goloi. I dovha yafha vhanameli tshikhala tshau reitha mureili nau vhafareledza, nau vhatutuwedza uri vha fulufhedzee, uswikelelea nau tsireledzea.iyo App yo sikwa na dzinwe dzadzi thekhisi kana goloi dza vhanwe vhareili, vhane vha goloi na vhothe vhano wela kha tshigwada itsho. Iyi science ndiya kushumisele kwa vhudavhidzani kwau thusa tshitshavha.
Water is one of the most precious recourses and we cannot survive without it. With climate change, water pollution and a growing population, the availability of fresh water is a challenge. A solution is to re-use and purify ‘grey’ water. ‘Grey’ water is domestic, untreated waste water from showers, basins, laundry and dishwashing. It may look dirty, but it is useful. For example, the water can be piped out directly into the garden to water the plants. ‘Grey’ water can be locally treated and re-used. Treatment includes filtering and isolating any particles that may be in the water. Chemicals are added to treat the water, and, lastly, water is treated using micro-organisms. The final product, which is called effluent, can be released in the local rivers or it can be further treated for home usage. However, this treatment needs to be designed to be able to work on a small scale without using advanced, expensive technology. Adopting such measures into our daily lives can save water.
Mati I switirhisiwa swa nkoka naswona a hi nge hanyi handle ka wona. Hi ku cinca ka maxelo, ku thyaka ka mati, na ku andza ka vanhu, mati yo tenga a ya kumeki hi ku olova. Xitshuxo eka xiphiqo lexi I ku hlampya mati lawa ya tirhisiweke ya ku thyaka lawa ya vitaniwaka grey water. Grey water I mati lawa ya tirhisiweke ku suka exihambukelweni, exawareni, exikotlolweni, kuhlampya mpahla na swibye. Ya nga languseka ya thyakile kambe ya nga ha tirhisiwa. Xikombiso, mati lawa ya nga tirhisiwa ku cheleta swimilana. Grey water i ya nkoka hikuva ya nga hlampyiwa ya tlhela ya tirhisiwa nakambe. Ku basisa mati swi katsa ku humesa swilavi na swiphemuphemu endzeni ka mati. Tikhemikhali na tona ta cheriwa loko ku hlampyiwa mati. Xohetelela mati ya basisiwa hi swilo leswi vuriwaka micro-organisms. Mbuyelo wo hetelela ku nga mati yo tyaka ya nga tshuxiwa ya ya eminabyeni kumbe ya nga hlampyiwa nakambe leswaku ya ta tirhisiwa emakaya. Hambiswiritano, ndlela leyi ya ku hlampya mati yi fanele yi tirha eka xikalu lexintsongo handle ka ku tirhisathekinoloji ya le henhla yo durha. Maendlelo lawa evuton’wini bya hina ya nga hlayisa mati.
Madi ndia ndeme kha matshilo ashu, ringasi kone utshila risina madi. Rina ushanduka ha mupo, utshikafhala ha madi nau hulela ha tshika, vhuhone ha madi okunaho azwingo leluwa.tshine tshanga itwa ndiu shumisa hafhu madi, nau tanzwa madi nga mishonga yo fanelaho, madi okunaho ndi one ano todea, madi afanaho na haya anobva khadzi shawara asinaho tshika,,basini, au kuvha nau tanzwa phuleithi. Anagvha na tshika , fhedezi aya shumisea. Tsumbo, madi ayo anga kona u shumiswa nga phaiphi atshi iswa ngadeni ushemeledza zwimela. Madi oshumiswaho anga kona u kunakiswa adovha ashumiswa. Tsireledzo iyo ifanana nau shumisa mishonga nau sefa tshika dzothe kha madi are afho. Khemikhala dzi shelwa uri dzi kone u kunakisa madi, tshaufhedza, madi a kunakiswa nga makhro ororganazimi. Nzhumbululo yau fhedza, ine yavha yau tanzwa, inga kona u bviselwa kha zwidambo zwituku kana a shumiselwa midini henefha. Fhedzi idzo ndingo dzi tea uthoma dza dzulelwa fhasi uri hu sedziwe uri zwinga kona ushuma na kha fhethu vhutukuhusina husina ushumisa zwithu zwino duresa. Adigudisa kushumisele uko kwa madi zwing akona uri thusa khau vhulunga madi.
Â
Like money needs protection against theft, an mRNA vaccine needs protection against being digested or degraded by enzymes and chemicals within the human body. An mRNA vaccine needs protection, like an armoured truck protects money when transported. The mRNA looks like a coiled string. In order to protect it, we can place it in a nanoparticle, which acts like an armoured truck that protects money during transport. A nanoparticle is a very small particle, a billion times smaller than a tennis ball. Like an armoured truck has a driver and GPS to get it where it needs to go, the nanoparticle allows us to modify its outer structure by adding on different proteins, which enable the nanoparticles to go a specific area within the human body.Â
Tanihileswi mali yi lavaka ku sirheleriwa eka vukhamba, na swisawutisi swa mRNA swi lava ku sirheleriwa eka ku hungusiwa kumbe ku ehlisiwa hi tienzayimi na ti khemikhali emirhini. Swisawutisi swa mRNA swi lava nsirhelelo ku fana na movha wa mali leswi mu sirhelerisiwaka xiswona loko wu heleketa mali. mRNA yi fana na ntambhu ya ku sohana. Ku yi sirhelela yi fanele yi vekiwa eka xiphemunyana lexi ntsongo lexi vitiwaka nanoparticle, lexi tirhaka kufana na movha wa ku tiya wa tinsimbi lowu sirhelelaka mali endleleni. xiphemunyana lexi xi nga nghena gidi ya magidi eka bolo ya tennis. Ku fana na movha wo tiya wa tinsimbi wu na muchayeri na GPS ku fika laha yi ya ka kona. xiphemunyana lexi xi hi pfumelela leswaku hi lulamisa xivumbiwa xa xona ehandle hi ku engetela ti proteyini to hambana-hambana, leswi swi endlaka ti swiphemuphemu leswi swi ya laha swi faneleke ku ya kona emirini.
Vhunga tshelede itshitoda utsireledzwa kha mbava, Muhayelo wa Mrna utoda utsireledzwa khau milwa kana utsitselwa hasi ngadzi enymes nadzi khemikhala kha muvhili wa muthu. Muhayelo wa Mrna utoda tsireledzo, vhunga vhalinda tsireledzo vha magoloi a tshelede. Mrna idi tounga khoili yo songanaho uri ikone u tsireledzwa, inga kona uvhewa kha nanoparticles, dzine dza shuma sa magoloi au tsireledza tshelede musi itshikhou tshimbidza. Nanoparticles ndi zwilavhi zwo tukufhalaho, zwo tukufhalesa u fhira na bola ya tenisi. Vhunga ligoloi la tshelede lina mareili na GPS uri likone uvha swikisa hune la khouya hone. Nanoparticles iri tendela uri ri kone u shandukisa tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnda nga engedza phurotheini dzoyaho ngau fhambana. Zwine zwa tendela nanoparticles uri dzi kone uya fhethu hune dza divha uri dzi khouya hone kha muvhili wa muthu.
Social connection with others is very vital to healthy brain development. During adolescence, the social brain responsible for processing and interpreting social situations is changing the most. The brain is like a rose bush; the weak branches are pruned away while the remaining are branches strengthened. This fine-tuning of the brain tissues depends on the environment we grow up in. Covid-19 has changed the entire world overnight and the internet is no longer a luxury but a life-line. Socialisation in the digital world could replicate social interaction and still give adolescents access to education, their friends and their ability to develop awareness, empathy, creativity and community. On the other hand, socialisation and cyber behaviours are more complex than offline social interactions. Anonymity has given rise to trolling, ghosting, and cyber-bullying, intending to harm others. As cognitive scientists, we have come up with a number of ways of testing the development of the social brain. In the lab, we run computerised games that mimic offline and digital social interactions and we measure performance in these tasks over time as participants go through their early teens. The pandemic has redefined childhood and social life globally. Are we strengthening the digital branches of the brain or are we weakening the offline social ones?
Ku ti hlanganisa na vanhu van’wana swi endla leswaku u va na rihanyo ra kahle emiehleketweni. Loko u kula byongo hi byona byi tirhaka ku fambisa swilo naswona byi kota ku vona swilo leswi cincaka na leswi hluvukaka. Byongo byi fana na khwati ra swiluva, marhavi yo ka ya nga tiyanga ya susisiwa kambe lawa ya salaka ya tiyisiwa. Ti thixu ta byongo ti cinca ku ya hi ndhawu leyi hi kulaka eka yona. Covid-19 yi cince swilo swo tala misava hinkwayo hi xinkarhana naswona inthaneti a ka ha ri swilo swa mayemo kambe hi hanya hi yona. Ku hanyisana na vanhu eka misava ya thekinology swi nga endla leswaku ku va na ku tirhisana na vanhu van’wana, yi tlhela yi nyika vana ndlela yo dyondza, va tlhela va ti hlanganisa na vanghana va vona, na ndlela ya vona yo lemukisa vanhu, vumunhu, vuswikoti na vaaka-tiko. Hi tlhelo rin’wana, mahlanganelo ya vanhu na mingingiriko ya vona eka inthanete a swi twisiseki ku fana na loko vanhu va hlangana hi matihlo. Leswi nga tiviwiki hi leswaku maendlelo yo tsala swilo swo homboloka eka inthaneti, ku hambana ka vanhu, ku rhumela vanhu mahungu yo va chavisa, na ku lava ku vavisa van’wani vanhu ya le henhla hikokwalaho ka intheneti. Tani hi ti sayense ta miehleketo na byongo, hi tile na ti ndlela to hambana ta ku kambela nhluvuko wa matirhelo ya byongo. eLebu hi laha hi endlaka mintlango eka khompyutha ku va hi cisetela leswi swi humelelaka eka inthanete na le handle kayona ku ya hi leswi vanhu va vulavurisanaka xiswona. Leswi swi ta hi pfuna ku va hi pima matirhelo lawa loko nkarhi wu famba tani hi leswi lava nga kona vata va va hundza eka vuhlangi bya vona. Ntungu lowu wu cince maendlelo ya vuhlangi na leswi vanhu a va hanyisa xiswona misava hinkwayo.
Nyambedzano vhukati ha vhathu zwi disa mutakalo kha kualutshele kwa maluvhi. Nga tshino tshifhinga, kuhumbulele kwau bveledzisa nau talukanya dzi nyimele kukho shanduka nga maanda. Vhuluvhi vhunga liluvha la daka, matavhi masekene ayawa ngeno haya madenya atshi lalama ahula akhwatha. U hula ha meme dza vhuluvhi zwi tendelana na mupo une ra dzula khawo. Covid-19 yo shandukisa zwizhi ngau bonya ha ito, inernethe ai tshavha ya mathakheni fhedzi yonotovha nendila wa matshilo ashu duvha na duvha. Nyambedzano kha dzi thingothendeleki kana thekhinolodzhi zwinga shandukisa kutshilele kana nyambedzano ya dovha hafhu yafha khonadzeo kha vhudifungi ha pfunzo. Nga thungo nyambedzano nau tambudzana zwodzhia ndango ufhira nyambedzano yavhudi. Utambudza vhanwe zwikho hulela nga maanda, utshuwisana, utambudza lwa tshituhu zwitshi khou itelwa u huvhadza vhawe. Sa vho rasaintsi wa mihumbulo, roda na mbalo dzovhalaho dzau ita ndingo ya nyaluwo ya vhudifungi ha maluvhi. Hezwi ri laboretharini, ri shumisa dzi geimi dzo itwaho nga khomphutha dzi fanaho na nyambedzano dzine vhathu vhaita kha zwishumiswa zwa vhudavhidzani kana hunwevho, ri kala kushumele kwa maluvhi avho nga zwishumo nyana zwine ra vha nea nga murahu ha tshifhinga, nga maandesa vha dzheneleli vhazwo vha tshe minwahani ya u thoma ya vhufumi. Phendemiki yori humisela vhutukuni, nakha tshumela shango nga vhuphara. Rikho kwhathisa matavhi kana matsinde a vhuluvhi kana rikho tsitsela fhasi tshumelo yo valwaho na.
There are two kinds of cannabis that differ in their chemical contents and their uses. The first one is called marijuana and contains a chemical that is responsible for making one ‘high’. That chemical is tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC. The other one is called hemp, which is commonly used for fibre and contains little THC and, therefore, cannot make one ‘high’. Hemp and marijuana cannot be told apart by just looking at them. However, with a simple, fast and relaible method that shows their chemical differences, hemp and marijuana can be told apart. ‘Chromatography’ is a process whereby a mixture of chemicals is separated into its individual chemicals and can be shown as marks on a paper. The method can be used to determine how much of each chemical, such as THC, is present in an unknown cannabis sample. In 2018, the private use of cannabis is permitted in South Africa. However, its public use, growth and distribution still remain illegal and it is monitored by permits. This detection method can be adapted so that police officials could also use it to determine on the spot if any cannabis sample that is being transported corresponds to hemp or to marijuana. This method can also be used by the medicines regulatory body, SAHPRA, to ensure that cannabis products meet the global requirements.
Ku na tinxaka timbirhi ta timbangi leti hambanaka hi ti khemikhali na matiriselo ya tona. Yo sungula yi vitani marijwana yona yina khemikhali leyi yi endlaka leswaku munhu atitwa ari ka xiyimo xa le henhla. Khemikhali leyi I tetrahydrocannabinol ku nga THC hi ku komisa. Leyin’wana yi vitaniwa hemp leyi tirhisiwaka ku endla fayiba kambe yona yina THC leyintsongo, naswona a yi endli munhu a titwa a ri henhla ngopfu. Hemp na marijwana swi nga hambanisiwa. Khromotografi I endlelo ro karhi leri hambanisaka ti khemikhali leti hlanganisiweke ku va ti va hi muxaka wa tona, leswi swi nga kombiwa hi thonsi eka phepha. Maendlelo lawa ya nga tirhisiwa ku kuma leswaku I khemikhali yo fika kwini ya THC leyi nga kona eka mbangi leyi nga tiviwiki. Hi 2018, matirhiselo ya mbangi ya le xihundleni ya pfumeleriwile eAfrika-Dzonga. Kambe, a swi pfumeleriwanga leswaku yi tirhisiwa evanhwini, ku yi kurisa na ku yi avela hikuva a swi le nawiwini naswona ku endla sweswo swi lava u va upfumeleriwile. Maendlelo lawa yo kambisiswa ya nga endliwa hi maphorisa ya nawu leswaku va ta hambanisa mbangi leyi nga layichiwa ku kuma leswaku ya fana na hemp kumbe marijwana. Maendelo lawa ya nga tirhisiwa nakambe hi vanhu va swa rihanyo ku nga SAPHRA, ku tiyisisa leswaku swiendliwa swa timbangi swi fikelela swilaveko swa misava hinkwayo.
Huna tshaka mbili dza mbazhe dzine dzo fhambana khadzi khemikhala nakha kushumisele. Yau thoma ivhidzwa upfi marijuana ine yo dalelwa nga khemikhala ine iita uri muthu a riiwe.iyo khemikhala ipfi tetrahydrocannabinol, ine ya dovha ya vhipfi ndi THC. Inwe ipfi hemp, ine I shumiswa uita fibre ine yavha na THC yolinganelaho, ine ingasi kone u ria muthu. Hemp na marijuana ungasito kona uzwi fhambanyisa ngauto sedza nga mato. Huna zwishumiswa zwine zwia kona uvhona mbanyo ya khemekhala idzo naho tshitshitovha tshituku. Hemp na marijuana zwia kona ufhambanyiswa.’Chromatography’ ndi ndila ine huna thanganyiso yadzi khemikhala ine yo fhambanyiswa kha vhuthihi ha khemikhala, ya dovha hafhu ya sumbedzwa sazwe ya topoliswa zwone kha bambiri. Uyo method unga kona u shumisiwa uri huna khemikhala nngafhani, inonga sa THC, uri ihone mbazhe isa divheiho na. nga 2018, u shumiswa hadzi mbazhe vhethu ho tsireledzwaho zwo tendelwa khala Afrika Tshipembe. Utavhiwa nau rengiswa hadzi mbazhe fhethu ho vuleaho azwingo tendelwa, zwadovha zwa sedzuluswa nanga dzi phemith dza hone. Mitshini yau sedza mbazhe inga kona ushumiswa nauri mapholisa akone u wanulusa arali huna mbazhe dzinokho tshimbidzwa badani. Ayo maitele anga kona ushumiswa nanga havha vhau kona usedza mishonga ire muvhilini wa muthu. SAHPRA, itea uvhona uri mbazhe dzi kone u swikela thanganyela ya shango.
Mosquitoes kill almost a million people every year through the mosquito-borne diseases that they transmit, such as Zika virus, yellow fever, malaria and dengue. There are over 400 million cases of dengue every year globally. Symptoms include high fever, rash, as well as muscle and joint pain. In severe cases, there is severe bleeding and shock, which is life threatening. As far as we know, there is no dengue transmission in South Africa. However, we know that the mosquito species that transmit dengue are present and our environmental conditions favour the transmission of dengue. Dengue has been emerging and re-emerging worldwide. Hence, we believe SA is at risk of Dengue emerging. Currently, there is no specific treatment for dengue. Mosquito control is the only way to limit it spreading, but mosquitoes are becoming resistant to insecticides. We can use weapons like mathematical modelling to defend ourselves. Mathematical modelling creates an imaginary world that resembles real-life conditions. This helps us to understand how mosquitos operate, as well as finding out how the population will grow and helps us to assess how dengue will spread. The results can guide us on how to make decisions in real-life. Using mathematical modelling is cheaper and it allows us to try different possible scenarios without worrying about the financial and resource limitations. These methods helps us to better equipped to fight the war against mosquitos.Â
Lembe na lembe tinsuna ti dlaya vanhu vo lava ku ringana gidi ya magidi hi vuvabyi lebyi va byi kumaka loko va lumiwa hi tinsuna, ku fana na xitsongwatsongwana xa zika, dari-nyongwa, malariya na dengue ku nga vuvabyi lebyi vangiwaka hi ku lumiwa hi nsuna. Kuna 400 ya gidi ya magidi ya vanhu lava nga khomiwa hi dengue lembe na lembe misava hinkwayo. Leswi u swi vona hi loko munhu a ri na dari kumbe ku hisa ka miri, swirhumbarhumbana, na ku vava ka misiha na laha ku hlanganaka marhambu. Minkarhi yo tala ku va na ku halaka ka ngati na ku heleriwa hi ngati emirini leswi swi nga tekaka vutomi bya munhu. Tanihileswi hi swi tivaka, dengue a yi se va xiphiqo eAfrika-Dzonga. Kambe ha swi tiva leswaku muxaka wa tinsuna leti chelakana vuvanyi bya dengue ti kona kambe xiyimo xa ndhawu ya hina xi nga swi kota ku hangalasa vuvabyi lebyi. Vuvabyi bya dengue byi humelela misava hinkwana byi tlhela byi phinda phinda. Hi na ku tshemba leswaku Afrika-Dzonga yi le nghozini yo fikela hi vuvabyi lebyi bya dengue. Eka nkarhi wa sweswi a ku na vutshunguri bya dengue. Murhi wo dlaya tinsuna hi yona ndlela yo hunguta vuhangalasi bya vuvabyi lebyi, hambiswiritano swa tika leswaku tinsuna leti ti fa hi nkwato. Modele wa ximatetatiki wu tumbuluxa ndlela eka swilo leswi nga voniwiki leswi kombisaka leswi hi swi hanyaka. Leswi swi ta hi pfuna ku va hi twisisa leswaku tinsuna ti hanya njhani, hi tlhela hi kuma leswaku ti andzisa ku yini. Leswi swi ta hi pfuna ku hlela vuvabyi bya dengue ku byi ta hangalaka njhani. Mbuyelo wa kona wu ta hi pfuna ku va hi teka swiboho evuton’wini. Ku tirhisa modhele wa ximatematiki swi chipile naswona swi hi pfumelela ku va hi tirhisa ti ndlela to hambana-hambana, na ku ka hi nga vileli hi swa timali na ku pfumala switirhisiwa swo enela. Matirhelo lawa ya hi pfuna leswaku hi kota ku ti yimela leswaku hi ta lwisana na tinsuna leti.
Vhunyunyu hukona u vhulaya vhathu vhano swikha kha tshivhala tsha million kha nwaha nga dzwadze line la phadalwadzwa nga vhunyunyu, sa zika virus, yellow fever, malaria na dengue. Huna tshivhalo tshino phada 400 million tsha kheisi ya dengue nwaha munwe na munwe shango nga vhuphara. Tsumba dzwadze dza hone ndi, ushuluwa mabiko kana upfa uswa nga maanda, rashi, naupfa uvhavha hafha kha misiphanda na upfa uvhavha khadzi tanganyelo dza marambo. Kha khesi dzo godombelaho, huna ubva malofha lusa fheliho, usthuwa, zwine zwivha zwikho vhanga mutsiko kha vhutshilo ha muthu. Sa zwine ra divhisa zwone ahuna vhulwadze ha Dengue khala Afrika Tshipembe. Zwia divhea uri vhunyunyu uvhu vhuno disa vhulwadze ha Dengue vhuhone, fhedzi mupo washu au koni uri tsireledza khau phadalala ha Dengue. Dengue ikho soko phadalala na shango lothe. Zwia divhea uri Afrika Tshipembe likha khombo yau wana Dengue uri I phadalale. Zwazwino ahuna mushonga wau alafha dengu. Mufafadzelo wa vhunyunyu ndi yone ndila ine yakho kona ufhungudza kuhulele kwa Dengue, fhedzi vhyunyu vhukho thoma udowela mushongo hoyu wauzwi vhulaya. Huna zwishumiswa zwinzhi zwine ranga shumisa udi tsireledza ufananho na mathematical modelling. Modele wa mathemathikhi I vhumba kuhumbulele kwa shango kune kwavha tsumba mushumo ya matshilo a vhathu. Izwi zwiri gudisa uri ridivhe uri vhunyunyu vhutshila nga ndilade, nau wana uri lushaka lunga hula nga ndilade, luri thuse uri Dengue inga phadalala hani. Mawanwa ayo ado kona uri thusa uri ri dzhie vhudifhinduleli vhufhio kha vhutshilo ha vhukuma., Kushumisele hoku kuri thusa khaulwa na uphadalala ha vhunyunyu.
Numerous animals have been used in research in disease modelling and drug development. Humans and animals have many genetic similarities, and share a lot of the same major genes that affect drug efficacy and safety. However, animals like rabbits are not humans and, therefore, and the data that is generated from animal models can be difficult to translate to humans. We need human-relevant models. Stem cells may provide solutions. Stem cells are the regenerative cells of the body and they can become any type of cells in the whole body, such as brain, lungs, heart or liver cells. People can donate stem cells and, in the lab, we can create tiny ‘micro livers’ to test how drugs potentially could potential interact with human livers. This could revolutionise how we see drug safety and efficacy research. It can assist in generating better data that that will be more human-relevant and it takes animals out of the lab and out of harm’s way.
Swihari swo tala swi tirhisiwile eka nlavisiso wa vuvabyi na ku endla murhi. Tijini to tala ta vanhu na swiharhi ta fana, nakambe kuna ku avelana ka tijini ta nkoka leti lawulaka matirhelo ya murhi na ku hlayiseka emirini. Hambiswiritano, swiharhi swo fana na mimpfundla a hi vanhu naswona datha leyi tekiwaka eka modhele wa swiharhi wu nga va wu tika ku va wu fananisiwa na wa vanhu. Ku laveka timodhele leti faneleke ta vanhu. Ti sele ta miri hi tona ti nga tisaka ku cinca. Ti sele ta miri I ti sele leti ti faka ti tlhela ti pfuka emirini, ti nga va sele yin’wani na yin’wani miri hinkwawo, kufana na byongo, mahahu, na mbilu kumbe ti sele ta xivindzi. Vanhu va nga swi kota ku nyikisa hi swirho swa miri naswona elebu hi nga endla swivindzi leswintsongo ku ta kambela leswaku murhi wu nga tirha njani eka swivindzi swa vanhu. Leswi swi nga cinca leswi murhi hi wu vonisaka xiswona na nkoka wa nlavisiso. Swi nga pfuna ku kuma datha leyi nga ta tisa ku cinca eka vanhu, leswi swi nga susaka swihari elebu na ku va swi ri nghozini.
Vhunzhi ha zwipuka zwoshumiswa kha thoduluso ya malwadze ozwino kana maswa nau tumbulwa ha diraga. Vhathu na zwipuka vhaya elana zwitshida kha tshivhumbeo, vhadovha vhavha na dzi dzhini dzino elana dzine dza kwamana na vhundeme ha diraga nau tsireledzea haho. Zwipuka zwingaho mivhuda azwi fanana na vhathu, nauri data ine yado waniwa kha zwipuka inga konda uri ikone upfukiselwa kha vhathu. Huco todea modele ino fanana naya vhathu. Stem sele dzino wanala muvhilini wa muthu ndi dzone dzine dzangada na thandululo. Stem sele ndi dzone sele dzine dzakona uvusuludza maanda kha muvhili wa muthu dza dovha hafhu dzavha inwe sele kha muvhili, ufanana na vhuluvhi, mala, mbilu, tshivhindi. Vhathu vhaya kona uri vha nekedze vhanwe vhathu zwi stem sele, kha lab, ringa vhumba micro livers thukhu uri rikone uita ndingo diraga dzine dzadori thusa uita thangiso na zwivhindi zwa vhathu. Hezwi zwinga disa nzhumbululo khaku sedzele kwa tsireledzo ya diraga na vhundeme ha thoduluso. Zwinga thusa khau wanulusa data yakwine ine yadovha kwine kha muthu, zwipuka zwatea ubviswa lab na fhethu hune zwanga huvhala hone.
Cyclodextrin can be used to treat cancer along with other chemotherapy drugs. It acts like a vacuum sucking up the cholesterol that protects cancer cells from being destroyed in the body. Cholesterol is a substance found within cells and protects them from death while allowing them to grow, move and multiply. However cancer has too much cholesterol within their cell membrane that protects them. Once the cholesterol is removed, the cancer cells are weakened and other chemotherapy drugs can come in and fight against the cancer cells. Cyclodextrin can save millions of lives.
Cyclodextrin yi nga tirhisiwa ku tshungula vuvabyi bya mfukuzana hi maphilisi ya chemotheraphy. Yi tirha ku fana na vaccum leyi mamaka cholesteral leyi sirhelelaka mfukuzana leswaku yi herisiwa emirini. Cholesterol I swilo leswi kumiwaka eka ti sele ,yi tlhela yi ti sirhelela ku ti nga fi kambe yi ti pfumelela leswakuti kula, ti fambafamba, ti tlhela ti andza. Hambiswiritano, mfukuzana yi na cholesterol yo tala eka ti sele leti ti ti sirhelelaka. Loko cholesterol yi susiwa mfukuzana wu ta hela matimba na maphilisi ya chemotheraphy ya ta kota ku nghena ya lwisana na ti sele ta mfukuzana. Cyclodextrin yi nga pfuna gidi ya magidi ya vutomi bya vanhu.
Cyclodextrin inga kona u thusa chemotheraphy u alafha khentsa. Ishuma sa mutshini wau bvisa dzitshika dzinonga Cholesterol i tsireledza sele dza khentsa khau kwashea ha muvhili. Cholesterol ndi tshishumiswa tshine tsha wanala kha sele tshine tshadzi tsireledza kha lufu musi tshikhodzi tendela uri dzi hule, utshimbila nau dala. khentsa in cholesterol nzhisa ngakha zwivalo zwa sele yadzo dzine dzadzi kuvhatedza. Musi cholesterol dzono bvisiwa sele dza cancer dzi mbodi fhela maanda, philisi dza chemotherapy dzinga kona udzhena dzalwa la vhulwadze na vhulwadze ha khentsa. Cyclodextrin iya phulusa matshilo avhathu uswika kha million.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) has infected about 37.7 million people worldwide, two thirds of whom are in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is still no cure for it. Once the virus is in the body, it instructs cells to make more copies of itself. The copies then infect healthy cells and spread the infection throughout the body. A person that is infected with HIV takes ARVs, which is now only one pill a day. However, in some cases the virus lies asleep in some of the cells and does not produce copies of itself. It cannot be targeted by the ARVs, and this makes finding a cure for HIV difficult. These cells cluster together to form a ‘HIV latent reservoir’, but it is not known how the reservoirs are formed. HIV has a special gene called ‘tat’ that plays an important role in HIV replication. Changes in ‘tat’ can either decrease or increase HIV replication. ‘Tat’ works together with ‘P-TEFb’ to enhance the rate of HIV replication. Zakhithi’s research aims to find how changes in ‘tat’ affect its ability to work with ‘P-TEFb’ and also to know how to wake up the sleepy virus so it can begin to replicate again and thus be targeted by ARVs. This will edge us closer to finding the cure for HIV.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) yi tlulele vanhu vo ringana 37.7 ya gidi ya magidi misava hinkwayo, mbirhi-xa-nharhu eka lava va nga le Sub-Saharan Afrika. Nasweswi a kuna vutsunguri bya yona. Loko xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi nghena emirini, xi lerisa ti sele leswaku ti endla tikhopi tin’wana to fana na tona. Ti sele leti hi tona ti tluletaka ti sele ta kahle emirini leswaku na tona ti hangalasa xitsongwatsongwana lexi miri hinkwawo. Munhu lweyi a nga na vuvabyi bya HIV i nwa maARVs, sweswi ku nga philisi rin’we hi siku. Hambiswiritano, nkarhi un’wana xitsongwatsongwana lexi xa etlela eka ti sele tin’wana xi nga endli tikhopi to fana na xona. Loko swi ri hi ndlela leyi ti ARVs ta tsandzeka ku xi kuma, leswi swi endlaka leswaku swi tika ku tshungula HIV. Ti sele leti ta hlangana hi ntlawa ti endla HIV ‘latent reservoir’, kambe ti na nkoka lowu kulu eku tatiseni ka HIV. Ku cinca ka ‘tat’ swi nga ehlisa kumbe ku tlakusa eku tatiseni ka HIV. ‘Tat’ yi tirha swin’we na ‘P-TEFb’ ku tlakusa HIV. Vulavisisi bya Zakithi byi lava ku kuma leswi endlaka ‘tat’ yi nga koti ku tirhisana na ‘P-TEFb’ na ku tiva leswaku xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi nga etlela xi nga pfuxiwa njani leswaku xi ta sungula ku ti andzisa nakambe leswaku maARVs ya ta tirha eka xona. Leswi swi ta hi tshuneta ekusuhi na ku kuma vutshunguri bya HIV.
HIV yono kavha vhathu vhano swika 37.7 ya million ya vhathu shango nga vhuphara. Vhuvhili ha dzinwe dzavha kha Sub-Sahara Africa. Hutuvha na mushonga une watopfi uyai fhodza. Musi tshitshili itsho tshitshito dzhena kha muvhili, tshirumela dzi sele uri dziite dzi khophi dzatsho. Idzo khophi dzavha dzone dzino kavha sele dzirena mutakalo dza kona upfukela kha muvhili wothe. Muthu o kavhiwaho nga HIV udzia ARVs, ine yavha yone philisi nthihi ine wa tea u dzhia luthihi kha muvhili. Nga inwe ndila tshitshili hetshi tshia edela kha dzinwe dzadzi sele tshasa kone u bveledzisa dzi khophi. Ingasi kone u kundwa nga ARVs, zwine zwa ita uri huvhe na vhukondi hau wana mushonga wa HIV. Idzi sele dzitumana dzavha tshivhumbeo tshau tsireledza HIV, fhedzi azwi divhei uri izwo zwiteireledzi zwivhumbea hani. HIV ina gene ine yavha na vhuimo vhuhulu. Tshanduko kha ‘tat’ i fhungudza kana zwagonyisa u kavhiwa ha HIV. Ukwamana ha ‘Tat’ hu shumisana na ‘P-TEFb uitela uri I kone u vhona kualutshle kwa HIV. Tsedzuluso dza Zakhithi dzodi sendeka khau sedza kushandukele kwa ‘Tat’ uri ku kwamana hani na kushumele kwa P-TEFb nau divha uri tshitshili tsho edelaho tshinga vuswa nga ndilade uri tshi kone u dala tsha dovha uri tsho vhalelwa nga ARVs. Izwi zwidori konisa uri rikone uwana mushonga wa HIV.
Caitlin fell in love with the prehistoric world and wanted to explore the past. As a palaeobiologist, she is fulfilling her lifelong dream. When we are facing unprecedented challenges of global change and social unrest, why should we care about some long dead bones? By looking at fossils, we can see through to the past. The sun that shines upon us today rises over a very different Africa than it did in prehistory. Some species of the past are now extinct but their resilient relatives forged on to give rise to species we see today. Palaeoscience helps us understand things of the past and better understand modern biodiversity, model long term patterns and help us make informed decisions about our future. When we face challenges of an unpredictable future we need only to look in our past and be reminded that life does indeed find a way.
Caitlin I rhandzile misava yakhale a tlhela a lava ku kuma leswi swi nga endleka melembe ndzhaku. Tani hi munhu lweyi a nga dyondzela ntivo-swa-khale ya swa marhambu ya swiharhi, I humelerisa ku navela kayena ka malembe. Loko hi hlangana na swiyomo swo ka hi nga swi rindzelanga leswi cincaka misava hinkwayo, leswi nga tiseki kurhula eka vanhu, hikokwalaho ka yini hi va na mhaka na marhambu lawa ya nga fa khale? Hi ku languta marhambu ya swiharhi ya khale, hi nga swikota ku vona leswi nga humelela khale. Dyambu leri ri hi tlhavelaka namuntlha ri tlhava eka Afrika yo hambana na leyi a ri tlhava eka yona khale. Swiharhi swin’wani swa khale sweswi a swa ha ri kona kambe swo fana na swona hiswona leswi hi swi vonaka namuntlha. Ntivo-swa-khale ya swa marhambu ya swiharhi yi hi pfuna ku hi twisisa swilo swa khale na ku tswisisa swa sweswi. Yi tlhela yi hi pfuna leswaku hi teka magoza eka leswi hi swi lavaka eka vumundzuku bya hina. Loko hi hlangana na swiphiqo leswi ahi nga swi langutelanga hi fanele hi languta ndhzaku hi tsundzuka leswaku vutomi bya cinca loko mkarhi wu famba.
Caitlin othoma u funana na divhazwakale ya shango atoda udivhesesa ngazwa kale. Sa Mupalaeobiologist uco bveledza muloro wa vhutshilo hawe. Musi ritshi khou tangana na vhukondi husongo lavheleleaho ha ushanduka ha mupo na nyambedzano dzi songo doweleaho, ndi ngani ritshi tea uvha na ndavha na marambo osinaho? Ngauto sedza masalela ria kona uvhona zwa murahu. Duvha heli line la khouri penyela namusilitakutshela ntha ha afrika lo shandukaho kha helia la ngei murahu. Lunwe lushaka lwa murahu hangei lwono fhelela fhedzi vhanwe mashaka ahone vholingedza khauri huvhe na nyaluwo kha lushaka lune rakho luvhona namusi. Nupalaeosaitsi u shuma uri thusa uri rikone upfesesa zwithu zwa kale nauri rikone upfesesa mupo wa musalauno, uko kutevhedzele kwari thusa uri ri kone udi dzhiela dzi tsheo tshifhingani tshidaho. Musi ritshi tangana na vhukondi ha vhutshilo risongo lavhelela ri tea u sedza vhubvo hashu rii humbudzwe uri vhutshilo huya wana ndila.
Blood sugar and insulin level have highs and lows throughout the day. Food scientists use a tool called the glycaemic index (GI) to rate how carbohydrate foods boost blood sugar levels. High GI foods, such as doughnuts and white bead, have a GI from 75-100. Low GI foods have a GI less than 55. This includes all-grain foods, like brown rice and brown bread. A key food component that can be used reduce the carbohydrate load of food is fibre. Fibre is an edible part of a plant, which is not digested in your small intestine but travels to the large intestine where it is broken down by micro-organisms to release a compound called short chain fatty acids and helps to release a steady flow of sugar in the blood throughout the day. The World Health Organisation recommends an adult should consume 29- 40 grams of fibre per day, but South Africans consume only about 10 grams per day. Oluwatyoyin’s research aims to bridge this fibre gap, by introducing fibre from wheat bran and oat bran into a popularly consumed, deep fried dough snack called ‘amagwinya’, which is made from wheat flour, sugar, water and yeast. ‘Amagwinya’ has a high oil and high carbohydrate content. In the lab, ‘amagwinya’ has been enriched with an oat and wheat bran and GI levels measured. The ‘amagwinya’ without bran had 80 GI and while the one with bran had 56 GI, which means adding bran lowers the GI level from a high GI to a medium GI. This could help us reach our target for fibre each day.
Chukele ra ngati na levheli ya insulin yi na lehenhla na lehansi siku hinkwaro. Vanhu va sayense ya swakudya va tirhisa xitirhisiwa lexi vitaniwaka glycaemic index ku nga GI hi ku komisa ku pima leswaku swakudya swa khabohayidireti swi tlakusa njani levheli ya chukele ra ngati. GI ya le henhla ya swakudya swo fana na madhonati na xinkwa xo basa swi na GI yo suka ka 75-100.  GI ya le hansi ya swakudya yi na GI ya le hansi ka 55. Leswi swi katsa swakudya hinkwaswo swa tindzoho swo fana na rhayisi na xinkwa xa ribungwa. Swakudya leswi nga tirhisiwaka ku hunguta khabohayidireri I fayiba. Fayiba I ndhawu yo karhi ya ximilana leyi dyiwaka, leswi nga koteki ku gayeleka eka marhumbu lamantsongo kambe swi ya eka marhumbu lamakulu laha swi kotaka ku gayeleka hi micro-organisms ku humesa ti esidi ta mafurha no pfuna ku humesa chukele ro tala engatini siku hinkwaro. World Health Organisation yi hlohlotla leswaku lonkulu u fanele ku dya 29-40 ya ti gireme ta fayiba hi siku, kambe vanhu va Afrika-Dzonga va dya 10 wa ti gireme ntsena hi siku. Vulavisisi bya Oluwatyoyin byi lava ku pfala vangwa leri nga kona ra fayiba, hi ku katsa mapa ya koroni na mapa ya otsi eka magwinya hikuva ya dyiwa ngopfu. Magwinya I mbila leyi cheriwaka emafurheni ya ku hisa, lawa ya endliwaka hi fulawa ya koroni, chukele, mati na handzelo.  Mangwinya ya na mafurha yo tala na khabohayidireti ya le henhla. eLebu mangwinya ya nonisiwile hi otsi na mapa ya koroni na tilevheli ta GI leti nga kaliwa. Mangwinya loko ya nga ri na mapa ya va na GI yo fika ka 80 kasi leyi nga na mapa yi na 56 GI, leswi vulaka leswaku loko u tatisa mapa swi ehlisa levheli ya GI ku suka henhla yi ya ka GI ya le xikarhi. Leswi swi nga endla leswaku hi fikelela ku navela ka hina hi tlhelo ra fayiba siku na siku.
Swigiri ya malofha inau gonya nautsa duvha lothe. Rasaintsi wa zwiliwa u shumisa chishumiswa tshinopfi Gycaemic index usedza uri zwiliwa zwirena carbohydrates zifha maanda hani swigiri ya malofha.zwiliwa zwirena GI ire ntha, ufanana na magwinya na vhurotho vhutshena, zwina GI yau swika 75000. Zwiliwa zwirena GI thukhu zwidovha zwavhana GI ire fhasi ha 55. Hezwi zwi jenisa na zwiliwa zwothe zwa gurou, u fanana na raisi ya buraweni na vhurotho ha burawen. Mvula tswinga ya zwiliwa ine yanga shumiswa u fhungudza tsileme tsha carbohydrate kha zwiliwa ndi fibre/mupfemu. Mupfemu/fibre ndi tshimela tsho khwathaho, tshine tshingasi kone u sukanyea kha lila lisekene fhedzi tshi tshimbila tshaya kha lila lihulwane hune lado kona u khwashekanyea nga micro-organisms uri ibvise khomphaundu ine yavha tshaini thukhu ya fatty acids ine ya thusa ubvisa swigiri yo soko omaho kha malofha duvha lothe. World Health Organisationikho tutuwedza uri vhaaluwa vhatea ula 29-40 yadzi gireme dza fibre/mupfemu nga duvha, fhedzi vhathu vha South Africa vhala gireme dza funi (10) fhedzi nga duvha. Tsedzuluso dza Oluwatyyoin’s  dzodi sendeka kha u dzhenelela kha gepe la fibre, ngau divhadza fibre ubva kha matanga na luvhele uri zwi gayiwe zwikone ulea, iyo fulauri ifhedze I dzheniswe mapfurani iite Gwinya, ginya ibva kha fulauru. Swigiri, madi na isithi. Magwinya ana mapfura manzhi na khabohydireithi nzhi. Nga ngomu lab magwinya usedzuluswa a wanala ana ofura kana o dala oat na matanga o gayiwaho na GI yokaliwaho. Magwinya asina mufumbu ana 80 GI ngeno arena mufumbu ana 56 GI, zwinokho amba uri uengedza mufumbu zwifhungudza GI kha GI khulwane udela vhukati kha GI. Izwi zwido kona uri thgusa uri ri kone uswikelela tshikalo tsha fibre yashu.
About 256 million people worldwide suffer from anxiety and depression. These diseases are often interlinked, with 50 percent of people who suffer from depression also suffering from anxiety. Sufferers take medication for a very long period of time, and they need to find the right medication that works for them and does not cause bad side effects. From 1980 to 2019, 42 percent of new medication or drug leads were developed from natural products. South Africa has 10 percent of global plant diversity and also has rich African tradition knowledge systems and cultures that may hold secrets to help with the mental health pandemic. The plant that Kaylan researches is called Sceletium or ‘kanna’ and ‘kougoed’. It is the most researched medicinal plant for anxiety and depression in South Africa. His research analyses the chemistry of the plant on the computer before going to the lab for testing. By creating the exact replicas of the parts of the brain that control anxiety and depression on the computer, one can analyse which compounds of the plant bind most tightly, which may be toxic and which may have the best effects. By first looking at African traditional medicine, then using a computer to see which compounds may be best to help, the amount of time spent testing compounds in the lab can be reduced. Instead of testing a thousand, we may test only the top five candidates from the results on the computer. Through these methods we will get much needed medications to the frontlines of the global mental health pandemic.
Ku fika ka 256 ya gidi ya magidi ya vanhu misava hinkwao va na enzayethi na ntshikelelo wa miehleketo. Vuvabyi lebyi bya yelana, 50 wa tiphesenti ta vanhu lava nga na ntshikelelo wa miehleketo va vabya hi enzayeni. Vanhu lava va vabyaka va phuza maphilisi lawa ya va tirhelaka ya tlhela ya nga endli leswaku va hlangana hlangana. Ku sukela hi 1980 ku ya fika ka 2019, 42 phesenti ya murhi kumbe maphilisi ya endliwe ku suka eka swikumiwa swa ntumbuluko. Afrika-Dzonga yi na 10 phesenti ya swimilana swo tala misava hinkwayo naswona yi na vutivi bya vukhale bya matirhelo ya Afrika na ndhavuko lowu nga khoma swihundla leswi nga ta pfuna eka vuvabyi bya miehleketo. Ximilana lexi Kaylan axi lavisisaka xi vuriwa Sceletium kumbe ‘kanna’ na ‘kougoed’. I ximilana lexi xi nga lavisisiwa ngopfu xa ku endla murhi wa enzayethi na ntshikelelo wa miehleketo eAfrika-Dzonga. Nlavisiso wa yena wu kambisisa matirhelo ya ximilana lexi eka khompyutha xi nga si yisiwa elebu ku ya kambiwa. Hi ku endla swiyenge swo fana na byongo leswi lawulaka enzayethi na ntshikelelo wa miehleketo eka khompyutha, xin’we xi nga kambisisa leswaku iyini lexi tshikelelaka ngopfu ku suka eka ximilana, hi xini xi nga nghozi, naswona hi xihi lexi nga ta pfuna vanhu. Hi ku languta ka murhi wa xintu wa Afrika ku sungula, kutani utirhisa khompyutha ku kuma leswaku hi swihi leswi nga tirhaka kahle, na nkarhi lowu nga tekiwaka ku kambela murhi lowu wu nga hunguteka. Ematshan’wini yo kambela gidi, hi nga kambela ntsena ntlhanu wa swimilana swa le henhla eka swikumiwa swa khompyutha. Hi maendlelo lawa hi ta kuma murhi wo enela eka ku tshungula vuvabyi bya miehleketo misava hinkwayo.
Ulingana na 256 ya million ya vhathu vhana utshuwa na mutsiko. Haya malwadze ana utumekanya na vhathu vha 50 phesenthe(%) vhane vha tambudzwa nga mutsiko nau tambudzwa ngau tshuwa. Zwipondwa izwi zwidzulela udzhia mishonga tshifhiga tshilapfu, vhadovha uri vhatea uwana mishonga yo fanelaho kha mutakalo wavho ine ai disi manwe malwadze nga thungo. Ubva 1980-2019, 42% ya mishonga na philisi zwo bveledzwa nga miri ya daka. South Africa ina 10% ya zwimelwa kha lifhasi la dovha la pfuma vhutali na mvelole kha dzhango na vhurereli vhune hune ha farekana kuhumbulele kwa mutakalo. Uyo muri kana liluvha le Kaylan a ita tsedzuluso dza hone lini sceletium, kanna na kouged.ndi wone mushonga une wono iteswa tsedzuluso dza hone dza utshuwa na na mutsiko khala Afurika Tshipembe. Tsedzuluso dzawe dzodi sendeka kha chemistry ya zwimela kha khomphuter musi isathuya utolwa lab.
Nelisiwe’s research is working on a solution that helps to detects if a document is fake, through methods that show if there are illegal changes on a document. This is important, for example, for employers who need to verify qualifications. Vital pieces of information on an original document can be selected using coordinates. These coordinates locate text on the document, then a hash function takes in the vital pieces of information and converts these into a single value that cannot be reversed, known as the cryptographic hash. The cryptographic hash is stored in a database to be used later in the verification process to check if the document passes verification or fails. The vital pieces of information are converted into checksum and, along with the coordinates, are stored in the barcode printed on the document. The checksums and the coordinates help to locate exact words that may have been changed in a document and even highlight it.
Vulavisisi bya Nelisiwe byi lava ku tisa xintshuxo lexi nga ta pfuna ku kuma tidhokhumenti ta vuxisi, ku tirhisiwa tindlela to komba leswaku ku nga va ku ri na cinca loku ku ngariki nawini eka tsalwa. Leswi I swa nkoka, xikombiso; eka vathirhi lava va lavaka ku tiyisisa ti dokhumente ta vona. Mahungu ya nkoka eka dokhumente ya ntiyiso ya nga tsavuriwa ku thirhisiwa ti coordinates. Ti coordinates leti ti kuma tsalwa eka dokhumente kutani ti tsavula muhungu ya nkoka ya yisiwa eka ntlawa wun’we leswi swi nga ta ka swi nga tlherisiwi, ku nga cryptographic hash. Cryptographic hash yi hlayisiwa eka databezi ku va yi tirhisiwa eka nkarhi lowu taka loko ku fanele ku kambisisiwa leswaku dokhumente yi le lawini kumbe e-e. mahungu ya nkoka ya hundzuluxiwa ya va ka checksum na ti coordinates, ya hlayisiwa eka khodi yo fungha leyi yi nga ta tsariwa eka dhokhumenti. Ti checksums na ti coordinates ti pfuna ku kuma marito lawa ya nga wona lawa ya nga hundzuluxiwa eka dhokhumenti ti tlhela ti swi humesela erivaleni.
Neliswe u khou ita tsedzuluso dzau todana na thuso ine yanga thusa u wanulusa mabambiri asia vhukuma. Ngakha kushumele kwau sumbedza uri huna vhufhura hoitwaho nah kha mabambiri ayo. Hezwi ndi zwavhuthogwa, tsumbo, sa vhatholi vha tshi khou toda u sedzulusa zwidodombedzwa. Zwinwe zwazwi dodombedzwa kha mabambiri haya zwia kona uvhonala nga manwe maledere. Ayo maledere a tevhelelana na mitala kha bambiri, ngau tavhanya ayo maipfi adzhiiwa aiswa kha vhuthihi lune angasitsha kona uhumiselwa murahu, zwine zwa vhidzwa upfi cryptographic hash. Cryptographic hash I dzhenisiwawa kha databeisi uri I shumiswe uri ivhe itshi khou todolosa uri mabambiri ayo o feila. Mafhungo o nwaliwaho aya todoloswa nadzi nomboro dza hone, zwa dadziwa kha barcode ya nambatedziwaho kha bambiri. Tsedzuluso na dzinomboro zwiita uri rikone uwana maipfi one one ane angavha o shandukiswa kha bambiri adovha a swifhadziwa.
Lake Malawi is shared by three African countries namely; Mozambique, Tanzania and Malawi, and supports the livelihood of more than 1.6 million people. Lake Malawi has the greatest number of freshwater fish species in the world and people travel from all over the world to see them. However, ten percent of the fish species are at risk of extinction, due to pollution, over-fishing and habitat destruction. We need to protect them. Scientists can help by placing cameras underwater in different parts of the lake to monitor the different groups of fish in the water. This helps them find out where each species spends most of their time in the water and enables them to count the numbers of different populations to see how they are changing overtime. This information will show which species need immediate help, and which areas that are most important to them need protecting to help their population recover. It also helps us to create plans to use the lake sustainably so that the fish can be around for years to come and continue supporting the livelihoods they do.
Tiva ra Malawi ri tirhisiwa avelana na mitiko manharhu ya le Afrika ku nga; Mozambique, Tanzania na Malawi naswona ri pfuneta eka swilaveko swa vanhu vo hundza 1.6 ya gidi ya magidi ya vanhu. Tiva ra Malawi ri na tinhlampfi to hambana-hambana misava hinkwayo, vanhu va teka riendzo ku suka eku tindhawu to hambana-hambana misava hinkwayo leswaku va ta vona tona. Kambe, khume ra tiphesenti ta tinhlampfi leti ti le nghozini ya ku ti fa kumbe ku nyamalala hikokwalaho ko tyakisa mati, ku phasiwa ngopfu ka tihlampfi, na ku va ti nga ha tshamisekanga endzeni ka mati. Swi lava hi ti hlayisa. Vanhu va sayense va nga pfuna hi ku chela tikhamera endzeni ka mati eka tindhawu to hambana-hambana ta tiva leswaku va ta vona tinxaka nxaka ya tinhlampfi endzeni ka mati. Leswi swi ta va pfuna ku hlayela tinhlampfi leti kuya hi muxaka wa tona ematini. Leswi swi ta va pfuna ku kuma leswaku ti rhandza ku tshama kwini ematini, va tlhela va kota ku hlayela nhlayo ya tona kuya hi muxaka wa tona leswaku va ta vona leswaku kuna ku cinca ko fika kwini hi ku ya ka nkarhi. Hungu leri ri ta komba leswaku I muxaka wihi wa tinhlapfi wu lavaka ku pfuniwa hi swa xihantla, na leswaku hi tihi ti ndhawu leti ti nga ta nkoka eka tona leswaku ti ta sirheleriwa ku kondza ti vuyelela ematshan’wini. Swi hi pfuna leswaku hi ta kota ku ta na rhengu ro tirhisa tiva leri kahle leswaku tinhlampfi leti titava kona na malembe lawa ya taka ri tlhela ri kota ku ya emahlweni ri pfuneta swilaveko swa vanhu eka leswi va swi endlaka.
Isha la Malawi lo kovhekaniwa na ma dzhango mararu a Afurika; Mozambique, Tanzania na Malawi, la thusedza matshilo avhathu ano fhira 1.6 million ya vhathu. Isha la Malawi lina madi madzhi avhudi ane khovhe dza vhudi lune vhathu vhatobva mashangoni avho vhatshiya uvhona dzone. Huna 10% ya dzikhofhe dzino dzla afho dzine dzi khomboni yaufa nga nthane hau tshikafhala, nau rewa ha khovhe nau vhulawa ha zwifuwo na madaka. Ritea uzwi tsireledza. Vho rasaintsi vhangari thusa ngau vhea dzi khamera ngomu madini fhethu hoyaho ngau fhambana kha isha uri rikone uvhonolosa tshaka dza khovhe dzire madini. Izwi zwithusa khauri vha kone uvhvona uri uri ndi lufhio lushaka lune lwa fhedzesa tshifhinga madini nau thusa uri vha kone u vhala nomboro ya tshakadza dzo fhambanaho uri vha kone u vhona uri dzikho shanduka nga ndilade. Iyi thuso ido kona ushumbedza uri ndi lufhio lugwada lunokho toda thuso ngau tavhanya, na uri ndinga gai hune zwadzulela uvha hone nauri vha kone uzwithusa kha nyaluwo uri I vhuelele. Zwidovha zwathusa uri rikone uita dzi pulane dzau shumisa isha nga ndila yavhudi uitela uri khovhe dzivhe hone lwa minwaha mizhi nau isa phanda u thusha matshilo avhathu.
The South Africa Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) is a business unit of the 
Tel: +27 (0)12 392 9300
Fax: +27 (0)12 320 7803